Blood components separator disk

ABSTRACT

A separator disk for use in centrifugal separation of components is designed to automatically position itself during separation at the interface between the supernatant and the remaining components. Preferably the interface is between plasma and red blood cells.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/019,680 filed Jan. 4, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,273, which was the national stage of International Application No. PCT/US01/11732 filed Apr. 27, 2001, which was published in English, and claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/200,150 filed Apr. 28, 2000.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to methods and apparatus for use in the separation of fluids into components having different specific gravities. The invention finds particular utility in the centrifugal separation of the components of blood.

BACKGROUND

Centrifugal separation of blood into components of different specific gravities, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,331 (Wells). The apparatus shown in that patent employs a disposable processing tube having two chambers, and blood to be separated into components is placed in one of the chambers. The processing tube is placed in a centrifuge, which subjects the blood to centrifugal forces to separate the components. The supernatant is then automatically decanted into the second of the chambers.

To retain, principally, the red blood cells during the decant of the supernatant, the apparatus disclosed in the Wells patent includes a shelf placed in the first chamber at the expected level of the interface between the red blood cells and the less-dense components, including the plasma. One problem with the arrangement shown in the '331 Wells patent, however, is that the position of the interface varies with the particular proportions of the components (e.g., the hematocrit) of the blood to be processed. Thus, if the shelf is placed at the expected position of the interface for blood of average hematocrit, and the hematocrit of the particular blood being processed is low, the shelf will be above the interface after separation. Such a position of the shelf will hinder the flow of the components near the interface during decanting, thus retaining significant amounts of these components in the first chamber and reducing the separation efficiency of the system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, a movable separator disk, which automatically positions itself at the interface between the separated components, is placed in the first chamber. In the preferred embodiment, the disk is capable of moving vertically and is designed to position itself automatically at the interface between red blood cells and the remaining components in the centrifugal separation of blood.

Decant of the supernatant can be either by gravity drain or by centrifugal transfer, and a main function of the disk is to restrict the flow of the component below it, e.g., red blood cells, during decant. This ensures that the supernatant is not contaminated and increases the efficiency of the process. The invention contemplates two embodiments for the disk. In one embodiment, the disk is supported on a central shaft such that an annulus is formed between the perimeter of the disk and the interior surface of the first chamber. The dimensions of the annulus are such that the flow of red blood cells through it during decant is restricted such that they do not contaminate the decanted supernatant to any significant degree.

In another embodiment, the disk is arranged on the shaft such that, when the chamber is tilted for gravity decanting, the disk rotates such that one edge of the disk engages the wall of the chamber to block flow of red blood cells. In either of these embodiments, the specific gravity of the disk and its shape may be chosen so that a major part of the upper surface lies just below the interface, thus facilitating release of the supernatant from the disk during decanting. This upper surface is also preferably curved to match the cylindrical shape the interface assumes during centrifugation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 a is a longitudinal cross-section of a portion of a processing tube chamber and a separator disk in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1 b is a transverse cross section taken along line 1 b-1 b of FIG. 1 a.

FIG. 2 a is a longitudinal cross-section of the embodiment of FIGS. 1 a and 1 b when the separator disk is tilted during decanting.

FIG. 2 b is a transverse cross section taken along line 2 b-2 b of FIG. 2 a.

FIG. 3 a is a longitudinal cross-section of a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 b is a transverse cross section taken along line 3 b-3 b of FIG. 3 a.

FIG. 4 is a longitudinal cross-section of a third embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, one chamber 2 of a processing tube, such as that shown in the '331 Wells patent has a separator disk 4 in accordance with the invention supported therein by a central shaft 6. The shaft 6 is designed to direct fluid introduced into the chamber to the bottom of the chamber. This precludes the formation of an air bubble at the bottom of the chamber, particularly when the bottom of the chamber is tapered. Thus, fluid is introduced into the chamber by inserting a cannula attached to a syringe containing blood into the shaft 6 and discharging the blood from the syringe into the chamber. A central opening 8 in the disk receives the shaft 6 in such a manner that the disk easily slides along the shaft.

The shaft 6 may not be necessary in all instances, for example, when the bottom of the processing tube is flat. In that instance the disk does not have a central hole.

The disk is preferably made of material having a specific gravity that allows the disk to float at the interface with red blood cells. In the preferred embodiment that specific gravity is about 1.04 (e.g., polystyrene), which is just less than the specific gravity of red blood cells at 70% hematocrit. Thus, when the blood is centrifuged, the disk moves to the interface between the red blood cells and the other components.

The interface will naturally assume a cylindrical shape with a cylindrical radius equal to the distance to the center of rotation of the centrifuge. The disk may be cylindrical, to match the shape of the interface. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, 2 a and 2 b, the diameters of the hole 8 and the shaft 6 are such that an annular gap 10 is formed between the outer surface of the shaft and the interior surface of the hole 8. Similarly, an annular gap 12 is provided between the perimeter of the disk and the interior surface of the tube 2.

FIGS. 1 a and 1 b illustrate the position of the disk during centrifugation, and it will be appreciated that the gaps 10 and 12 are large enough to allow passage of the descending heavier components, e.g., red blood cells and the ascending lighter components, e.g., plasma. According to this embodiment, however, the diameter of the central opening 8 is large enough whereby during decanting the disk 4 rotates as shown in the figures.

Thus, when the processing tube is rotated to the decant position, the more dense red blood cells, illustrated at 14, that have accumulated below the disk exert a force against the bottom of the disk as they try to flow through the gap 12. This causes the disk 4 to rotate, as shown in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, until a portion of the lower outer edge 16 of the disk and also the upper outer edge 18 engage the inner surface of the chamber 2. This engagement between the edge 16 of the disk and the interior of the chamber effectively forms a valve that prevents flow of the red blood cells, allowing decant of the plasma supernatant without contamination by red blood cells. It will be appreciated that this embodiment requires the transverse dimension of the disk between edges 16 and 18 to be greater than the internal diameter of the tube so that the edges engage the interior of the tube when tilted.

A second embodiment is shown in FIGS. 3 a and 3 b. According to this embodiment, the gap 10 is made to be small whereby the disk does not rotate appreciably during decant, in contrast to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. It will be appreciated that an annular channel is formed by the gap 12, this channel having a width equal to the radial dimension of the gap and a length equal to the thickness of the disk at the edge. The rate of flow of a fluid through this channel is a function of the dimensions of the channel, and the dimensions of the disk of this embodiment are such that the red blood cells will not flow appreciably through the channel at 1 G. In the preferred embodiment, the width of the gap is about 0.005 inch to about 0.020 inch, and the length is about 0.1 inch to about 0.3 inch.

Thus, the components of the blood flow through the channel during centrifugation (i.e., at 1000 G), but do not flow appreciably through the channel during decanting at 1 G. This allows the supernatant to be decanted without significant contamination by the red blood cells.

FIG. 4 illustrates a preferred shape of the disk 4. In this embodiment, the top surface 20 of the disk is concave, preferably cylindrical, and the disk is provided with an elongated central portion 22. The specific gravity of the disk material is selected so that the concave surface 20 is located just below the interface. That is, the thickness of the outer edge, the length of the portion 22, and the specific gravity of the material are chosen so that the center of buoyancy of the disk is just above the concave surface, and that surface will be just below the interface 26 with red blood cells. This arrangement allows a small layer 24 of the red blood cells to form on the upper surface.

The layer of red blood cells 24 reduces the surface tension between the platelets at the interface 26 and the surface 20 of the disk and facilitates release of the platelets from the disk. This is important to ensure that all of the platelets are decanted, and the small amount of red blood cells that may be decanted along with the supernatant does not generally represent a significant contamination of the supernatant.

Modifications within the scope of the appended claims will be apparent to those of skill in the art. 

1. A method for obtaining a desired component of a physiological fluid that has been separated from a remaining components of said physiological fluid that are more dense than said desired component, comprising the steps of placing said physiological fluid and a floating separator disk in a chamber, separating said desired component from said remaining components of said fluid by centrifugation, and removing said desired component from said chamber, wherein said separator disk is configured to position itself automatically such that its upper surface is just below an interface between said desired component and said remaining components of said physiological fluid such that a small layer of said remaining components forms on said upper surface.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said disk is adapted to restrict removal of said remaining components during said step of removing.
 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said step of removing comprises decanting by gravity drain, and said disk rotates during said decant to a position wherein at least one edge of said disk engages a wall of said chamber to prevent flow past said disk of said remaining components below said disk.
 4. A method according to claim 2 wherein said disk forms a channel between an outer edge of said disk and an interior wall of said chamber having said fluid therein, said channel restricting flow of said remaining components during said step of removing said supernatant.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein said physiological fluid is blood.
 6. A method according to claim 5 wherein said remaining components include red blood cells, and said desired components include platelets.
 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein said step of removing comprises decanting by gravity drain.
 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein said step of removing comprises decanting by centrifugal transfer. 